考试知识点20 虚拟语气
高考考试频度：★★★★☆
【命题解析】
对虚拟语气的考查重点在于依据句子的语境灵活多样地运用虚拟语气，宾语从句中虚拟语气的应用，交际用语中为表示委婉而用的虚拟语气，含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，与特殊句型中的虚拟语气等。
【命题预测】
在特定语境下，情态动词和虚拟语气与动词的时态和语态相结合的考查是近年来高考考试的趋势。
【复习建议】
1. 学会虚拟语气的基本使用方法；
2. 学会含蓄虚拟条件句的使用方法；
3. 学会主从句时间不同的虚拟条件句的使用方法；
4. 学会名词性从句中的虚拟语气的使用方法；
5. 学会wish/if only/would rather从句中的虚拟语气的使用方法。
考向一if条件句中的虚拟语气
if条件 从句 | 从句的谓语形式 | 主句的谓语形式 |
表示现 在状况 | 动词过去式 | should/would/could/might＋动词原形 |
表示过 去状况 | had＋过去分词 | should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词 |
表示将 来状况 | should＋动词原形 | should/would/could/might＋动词原形 |
动词过去式 | ||
were to＋动词原形 |
☞If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
假如我是你，我会带把伞。
☞We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn’t offered us a ride home.
假如昨天哈罗德没送大家回家，大家会打出租车回家的。
【巧学妙记】
虚拟语气记忆口诀 虚拟语气表愿望； If句中三状况； 与现事实若相反； 从过全were 主would原； 过从had过分连； Would have过分键； 从过were to should原； Would动原主将反。 |
1. They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers.
A. drove B. would drive C. were to drive D. had driven
【参考答案】D
【答案分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：假如他们多开几公里的话，他们或许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if ____ a few more kilometers是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态，故D选项正确。
2. If the new safety system ________ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put
C. should be put D. would be put
【参考答案】A
【答案分析】考查虚拟语气。依据句意可知是对过去状况的虚拟，从句用had done形式， 故答案选 A。句意：假如新的安全系统已投入用的话， 这次事故就不会发生了。
2.I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I __________.
A. were injured B. would be injured
C. had been injured D. would have been injured
【参考答案】D
【答案分析】句意：我当时系着安全带。假如我没系安全带，我就会受伤了。用虚拟语气，依据if条件句用的had done，可知，主句用would have done表示对过去状况的虚拟，而且I和injure是被动关系。故选D。
考向二错综时间条件句的虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不同时，被叫做＂错综时间条件句＂，动词的形式要依据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
☞If you had followed the doctor’s advice，you would be better now.
假如你当时听大夫建议的话，你目前就好多了。
1. （2018·天津卷·单项填空）If we ___________the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach
A. had caught B. caught
C. have caught D. would catch
【答案】A
【分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：假如大家昨天赶上飞机的话，目前大家正在海滩享受大家的假日了。依据时间状语yesterday可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，故用had + v-ed。故选A。
点睛：本题考查虚拟语气。虚拟语气要紧做题原则：依据题干中主句或从句中动词形式判断所考查的动词的虚拟时间，一般要维持一致，但应该注意错综时间虚拟语气要依据各自所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。本题就是错综条件虚拟语气，从句与过去事实相反，故用had + v-ed，主句与目前事实相反。
2.（2016·江苏卷·单项填空）If it_________ for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
A. had not been B. should not be
C. were not to be D. should not have been
【参考答案】A
【答案分析】本句是错综条件句的虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反，所以用过去完成时，主句表示与目前事实相反，所以用＂情态动词+动词原形＂。句意：假如不是由于不久前他的邀请，我目前就不会在这里了。故A正确。
考向三省略if的倒装句
在条件句中可省略if，把were，had，should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
☞If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→Were I at school again, I would study harder.
假如我重回学校，我会愈加好好学习。
☞If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→ Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
如果你来的再早点，你可能就赶上公交了。
☞If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→ Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨，大家就不去爬山了。
________not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it
C. It was D. Was it
【参考答案】B
【答案分析】考查虚拟语气。依据主句could not overcome可知此处是省略if的虚拟语气和倒装，所以were应放于主语it之前，陈述句应为＂If it were not…＂，故选B项。句意：要不是老师们的支持，这个学生不可能克服困难。
考向四含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
有时，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中。
（1）用but for 、without、even though等表示与上文的状况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。
☞I lost your address. Otherwise, I would have visited you long before.
=I lost your address. If I hadn’t lost your address, I would have visited you long before.
你的地址我弄丢了，要不我早就去拜访你了。
（3）虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。
☞He would have given you more help,but he was too busy. 他本来会给你更多的帮忙，但他太忙了。
也就是说，假如那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮忙。句中but he was too busy事实上暗示了一个虚拟条件——假如那时他不忙。
☞He would lose weight,but he eats too much. 他本来可以减肥的，但他吃得太多了。
也就是说，假如他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but he eats too much事实上暗示了一个虚拟条件——假如他吃得不多。
1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _________a good time together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
【参考答案】C
【答案分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，不然，大家本应该在一块度过一段愉快时光的。依据上文，可知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should+目前完成时+其他，故选C。
2. I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left
C. might leave D. could have left
【参考答案】D
【答案分析】考查情态动词表推断和虚拟语气。句意：我不可以找到我的钱包了，昨天我大概把它落到超市了，但我不确定。依据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去事情的推断，故用情态动词+ have done，再依据后句but I’m not sure.可知，此推断为不可以一定的推断，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
3.（2015·重庆卷·单项填空）Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.
A. didn’t write B. hadn’t written
C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written
【参考答案】D
【答案分析】本题是含蓄条件句。句意：没他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说《诀别了武器》。依据without his wartime experience没战时的历程，可知表示对于过去的否定猜测，故主句用would have done，因此选D项。
考向五名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中
容易见到的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为＂should＋动词原形＂，should可以省略。
☞Her mother suggested that she should go and see the doctor.她母亲建议她去看大夫。
【特别提醒】 ★ suggest表＂暗示＂，insist表＂坚持觉得＂时不需要虚拟语气。 试比较： ☞He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 ☞He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 ☞He suggested that we stay for dinner. 他建议大家留下吃饭。 ☞I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我感觉你与他心照不宣。 |
2．用于主语从句中
容易见到句型：It is important/necessary/urgent/essential/ ... + that...
It is sb’s order/desire/suggestion/advice/ ... + that...
It is suggested/advised/demanded/requested/ ... + that
从句谓语形式：（should+）动词原形
☞It is ordered that the army get there by 4 a.m. 军队需要在上午4点之前到达那里。
☞It is necessary that we clean the room every day. 大家天天打扫房间是有必要的。
☞It is suggested that the meeting be put off till next week.大家建议会议推迟到下周。
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是＂should＋动词原形＂，should可以省略。
☞His demand is that the boy should go with him.他需要这个男生和他一块去。
☞Our suggestion is that you be the first to go. 大家的建议是你应该第一个去。
☞He issued the order that the troops withdraw at once. 他命令部队立刻撤退。
1. It’s strange that he _______ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should
C. could D. might
【参考答案】B
【答案分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他居然没主人的允许就拿走了这类书。在句型”It is important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句一般用“should+动词原形”如此的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。故选B。
2.（2016·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.
【参考答案】删除can或can改为should
【答案分析】考查虚拟语气。动词suggest作为建议讲的时候，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气＂（should+）动词原形＂，所以本句可以删除can或can改为should。
考向六wish 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.表示与目前事实相反的愿望，
构成：主语 + wish +从句主语+动词过去式（be一律用were。
☞I wish I knew everything in the world. 我期望我了解世界上的所有。
☞I wish that the experiment were a success. 我期望实验是成功的。
2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，
构成：主语 + wish + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词。
☞I wish that you had called yesterday. 我期望你昨天打来电话。
☞I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there. 我没去参加聚会，但我真期望我去过那儿。
3.表示以后不大可能达成的愿望，
构成：主语 + wish + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might +动词原形。
☞I wish that he could try again. 我期望他能再试一次。
☞I wish that someday I should live on the moon. 我期望有一天我能在月球上生活。
1.There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _______ a second chance to become more involved.
A. had B. will have
C. would have had D. have had
【答案】A
【分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有非常不错的社交生活，并且我期望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与目前事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
2. I wish I ______ at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
A. will be B. would be
C. have been D. had been
【参考答案】D
【答案分析】句意：上个周二我本期望参加我姐姐的结婚典礼，但那时我在纽约出差。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had + 过去分词。依据句意可知选D。
考向七其他句型中的虚拟语气
1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为＂宁可；但愿＂。用一般过去时表示与目前或以后事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
☞I would rather he had passed the exam.
我宁可他通过了那次考试。
2．在＂It is time＋that从句＂中，谓语动词常用过去式或＂should＋动词原形＂表示虚拟语气，注意should不可省略。
☞It’s high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection.
是大家致力于环境保护的时候了。
3．as if，as though引导的表语从句和方法状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与目前事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
☞They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.
他们谈啊谈仿佛从来不会再见面一样。
4．if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。
☞Look at the trouble we’re in.If only we had taken our teacher’s advice！
看看大家所处的困境，如果大家同意老师的建议就好了！
题组一 基础过关
单句改错
1.I’d rather you saw the film yesterday.
2.It is time that I go to pick up my daughter at school.
3.I wish I knew the truth of the matter.
4.If you listened to the doctor，you would be all right now.
5.You could do better，but you didn’t try your best.
6.If we took the other road，we might have arrived earlier.
7.He suggested that we took the teacher’s advice.
8.If he had been studying hard，he would work in the office now.
9.But for the rain，we should have a pleasant journey.
10.If only I have read the books on reading list before I attended the lecture.
题组二能力提高
单项填空
1.The driver was really careless, otherwise the traffic accident ______________.
A. didn’t happen B. hadn’t happened
C. wouldn’t happen D. wouldn’t have happened
2. If you ______________ yourself to doing everything in the order given, you would miss an opportunity to be a unique individual.
A. commit B. committed
C. have committed D. had committed
3. The boy might have drowned but for the fact that his father ______________ beside him on the deck at that time.
A. was standing B. stood
C. had stood D. would have stood
4. —What do you think of his performance in the match?
—He ______________, but today was not his day.
A. need have scored B. could have scored
C. should score D. would score
5. —I didn’t watch the program ＂Where are we going, Dad?＂ yesterday.
—I ______________, either, if my father hadn’t reminded me.
A. wouldn’t have B. didn’t
C. wouldn’t D. hadn’t
6. I’d rather the two countries ______________ an end to the war. Then their people could live in peace.
A. puts B. would put
C. put D. should put
7. We ______________ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
A. should face B. might face
C. could have faced D. must have faced
8. The report urged that all the children ______________ to swim.
A. are taught B. be taught
C. to be taught D. being taught
9. The match sounds fantastic; how I wish I ______________ it like you.
A. watched B. had watched
C. would watch D. have watched
10. This nationwide smog should serve as a reminder to all, indicating a high time that we ______________ on what we’ve done to the environment.
A. have reflected B. are reflecting
C. will reflect D. reflected
题组三体验考试真题
1.（2019·天津卷·单项填空）The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ____________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished
C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
2. —Do you have Betty's phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ________ able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn't been B. wouldn't have been
C. weren't D. wouldn't be
3.Had the governments and scientists not worked together , 人工智能DS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
4.Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you ________ me, I could have helped.
A. told B. had told
C. were to tell D. would tell
5. It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______nowhere to stay now.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
6. — What happened to the young trees we planted last week?
— The trees __________ well, but I didn’t water them.
A. might grow B. would have grown
C. needn’t have grown D. would grow
题组一 基础过关
单句改错
1.saw→had seen 2.go→went/should go 3.knew→had known
4.listened→had listened 5.do→have done 6.took→had taken
7.took→ take 8.work→be working
9.have后加had 10.have→had
题组二能力提高
单项填空
1. D 【分析】考查虚拟语气的使用方法。句意：那个司机真粗心，不然这起交通事故就不会发生。A. didn’t happen 说明事故没发生；B. hadn’t happened 是过去完成时，不符合语境；C. wouldn’t happen 常用来表示与目前或以后事实不符；D. wouldn’t have happened的意思是与过去事实相反，本句事故已经发生，故选D。
2. B 【分析】句意：假如你承诺自己按已给的顺序做每件事，你就会错过成为独特个体的机会。此处是虚拟语气，与目前相反的虚拟语气，if从句用一般过去时，主句用would/could+动词原形，故选B。
3. A 【分析】考查虚拟语气和时态。句意：要不是由于那个男生的爸爸当时在甲板上站在他旁边，他可能就会溺水了。but for要不是，引导含蓄虚拟条件句，在此等于if it hadn’t been for；the fact后跟同位语从句，对其进行补充说明，爸爸站在男生身旁是事实，因此从句不用虚拟语气；依据＂at that time＂可知，应该用过去进行时，故选A。
4. C 【分析】句意：——你觉得他在比赛中的表现如何？——他本可以得分的，但今天他不走运。could have done＂本可以（本可以）做，但事实上未做＂。
5. C 【分析】考查虚拟条件句。句意：——昨天我没看《父亲到哪里》。——假如我父亲没提醒我，我也不会看的。从条件句if my father hadn’t reminded me可知是和过去相反的虚拟语气，主句用would have done，所以选C。
6. C 【分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我期望这两个国家结束战争，如此，两国人民都能和平生活。I’d rather后接从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，表示目前的非真实状况，用一般过去时。
7. C 【分析】依据but后面的过去时可知是与过去事实相反，那样主句中应该用情态动词+have done的形式。故排除AB。D项只表示对过去状况的一定推断，不表示虚拟，故C正确。
8. B 【分析】urge后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可以省略，且本句要用被动语态。句意：那则报告强烈需要所有些孩子都被教会游泳。故B正确。
9. B 【分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：那场比赛听上去真是精彩。我多么期望如你一般看过那场比赛啊！此题考查I wish后面的从句中虚拟语气的使用方法。依据前面句子的意思可以看出比赛已经发生过了，所以I wish后面的从句中要用虚拟语气，用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反，故选B。
10. D 【分析】句意：全球范围的雾霾应该对所有些人是个提醒，表明是大家该深思大家对环境做了哪些的时候了。这是句型＂It is high time that...＂的变形，that从句中要用一般过去时或should+动词原形表示虚拟语气，故选D。
题组三 体验考试真题
1.D
【分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：工大家没被更好的组织起来，不然他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。依据上句the workers were not better organized可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should+目前完成时+其他，故选D。
2.B
【分析】考查虚拟语气。由空前的otherwise可知应用虚拟语气，再结合句意可知此处表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用would have done，故选B项。句意：＂你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？＂＂有。不然的话，我昨天就不会联系上她了。＂
3.D
【分析】句意：假如政府和科学家不一同努力，艾滋病有关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点降低。用虚拟语气， if条件句用的had done，而且省略it，将had提前，主句用would have done表示对过去状况的虚拟。故选D。
4.B
【分析】考查虚拟语气。句意：你上周为何没告诉我你遇见的麻烦？假如你告诉我的话，我就能助你了。依据第一句可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故选B。
5. C
【分析】句意：大家非常幸运地订到了房间，不然的话，大家目前就会无处可去了。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句，or后面是主句，等于if we hadn’t booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now.，依据＂now＂可知，是对目前进行虚拟，因此用would+动词原形，故选C。
6.B
【分析】考查虚拟语气。would have done表示对过去已发生的事情的推断，表示＂可能已经……＂，句意：——大家上星期种的小树如何了？——假如我过去给它浇水的话，它可能已经长得非常不错了。故答案是B项。
