M2
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化办法如下
符合规则的：
情 况 | 加 法 | 例 词 |
一 般 情 况 | 直接加 -er ; -est | all-taller-tallest |
以e结尾的词 | 加 –r ; -st | nice-nicer-nicest |
以“辅音+y”结尾的词 | 变y为i再加-er ; -est | dry-drier-driest heavy-heavier-heaviest |
以一个辅音字母结尾的词 | 辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -est | thin-thinner-thinnest |
多音节和部分双音节单词 | 在词前加 more ; most | more delicious most delicious |
几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表：
原 级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
good , well | better | best |
bad , ill | worse | worst |
many , much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther / further | farthest / furthest |
二．形容词和副词比较级的使用方法
级别 | 比较程度 | 表达方法和意义 | 例 句 | 备 注 | |
原
级 | 同 等 程 度 | 肯 定 形 式 | As+原级+as | Art is as interesting as music. Play as well as you can. |
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否 定 形 式 | not + so +原级+as | English is not so difficult as science. She does not study so well as I do. |
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比较级 | 不同程度 （用于两者比较） | 比较级+than | Jim is older than Luky. I like pork better than beef. | 比较级前面可以加 much, far, even, still, a lot, a little, a bit等 | |
程度加深 | 比较级+and+比较级 （愈加……） The + 比较级，the + 比较级 （越……, 越……） | He is growing taller and taller. He studies better and better. The more books she reads, the better she understand. |
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最高级 | 最高程度 （用于三者或三者以上） | The +最高级+of | Spring is the best season of the year. Lin Tao jumped farthest of all. | 副词最高级前面的 the 总是省略 | |
注意：__________
例题分析
1. He is ________ friends than I.
A. much more B. many more C. very more D. too more
分析： 后面有可数名词复数时， many的比较级形式为many more 修饰。 应选B.
2. Which is the _________ country, Japan or Australia?
A. more developed B. more developing C. most developed D. most developing
分析： 两者比较用比较级， 表示"发达"用 developed, 而developing 是 "进步中的" 意思
3． There were _______ shops in the city in 1982 than in 1990.
A. little B. few C. fewer D. less
分析：little 不可以修饰可数名词，两者比较需用比较级， 所以应选C.
4. If you are not free today, come another day __________.
A. too B. so C. instead D. yet
分析：instead 作副词用时意为"代替，顶替"， 表示前面的事情没做， 而是做了后面的事。Instead一般坐落于句首。应选C.
5．He can't tell us ________, I think.
A. important anything B. anything important C. important something D. something important.
分析：不定代词与形容词联用需后置，否定句中应该用anything而不是something. 因此应选B
6. The Huang River is the second __________ river in our country.
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest
分析："定冠词the+ 序数词 + 形容词最高级 " 表示"第几大……" 应选C.
7. The light in the office wasn't ________for him to read.
A. enough bright B. bright enough C. brightly D. enough brightly
分析：enough修饰名词时可前可后， 修饰形容词或副词时， 要后置。应选B.
8. There was an accident at the corner. ________, the girl wasn't _________hurt.
A. luckily, badly B. luck, hardly C. Lucky, heavily D. Lucky, strongly
分析：第一空修饰全句需用副词，第二空修饰形容词hurt也要用副词， 因此选A.
9. You must keep your eyes _________ when you do eye exercises.
A. close B. open C. closed D., opened 分析: 此处需用形容词做宾语补足语。 应选C.
10. Five days has passed , but I haven't finished half of the work. ________,
A. already B. still C. too D. yet
分析：already 与 yet 都可用于目前完成时态。Already常用于一定句， 而yet 常用与否定句。应选D.
三．形容词副词比较级最高级的其他使用方法
（1）和冠词连用
the ＋形容词原级＋v，指一类人或物
the ＋形容词比较级，指两者中“较…的”的那一个，eg. the younger of the two
a/ an ＋形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.
＋most＋形容词最高级“很…”eg. a most beautiful city
有关结构
原级比较：一定句 as….as…., 否定句not so / as….as…..
比较句： 比较级 ＋than….或more ….than…..
The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.
比较级＋ and＋比较级 或 more and more＋比较级 “愈加… ”
richer and richer, more and more interesting
The more….., the more…..“越…， 越…”
The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it.
5) 比较级＋than any other ＋n. （单） （适用于范围一致时）
other ＋n.（复）
any ＋n. （适用于范围不同时）
He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class.
any student in my class.
6) 倍数表达法。
A is threetimes the sizeof B.
A is threetimes as bigas B.
A is three times biggerthan B.
用times 表倍数一般用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
The new building is four times the size of the old one.
这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高中三年级倍）。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比大家的学校大三倍。
7) more…than…结构，其意总是是…rather than…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。
That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了。
She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.她是贤妻，更是良母。
8) A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系
Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。
9) no more than= only “只是”，言其少
not more than=at most “不多于”，“至少”，指事实。
no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节用比较级形式
not more…than… 不比…更…
no less than= as much as “多达”
no fewer than= as many as
例：I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只是5元。
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。
He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。
He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。
He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。
10) 最高级＋of/ in/ among…. He is the tallest of the three/ among them/ in is class.
四．有关词汇辨析
1.very 和much
A）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；much修饰比较级；修饰动词用much或very much ,
eg. I very like English.,因改为：I like English very much.
B) 表示状况的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .普通的状况下，以-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。
如：We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom..
C) 已转化为形容词的目前分词前用very。 如：very interesting / worrying / exciting
D）too前用much/ far ,不需要very。 You are much / far / a lot too nice.
另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。
We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
E)还有修饰词既不需要very,也不需要much. eg: be well worth doing, be well above the tree
2. so和such
A)so … that … 与such … that … 有什么区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意： 但当little表示“小”时用such。
如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress t hemselves.
下列so的使用方法是不对的： so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。
B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two +such+n. eg. no such word
3. be too much + n.
be much too+ adj.
be too much for sb. 对…太过分了
4. can’t be too +adj.= can’t be +adj.+ enough “无论…都不为过”
You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你越小心越好。
条件状语从句
一．条件状语从句的定义
条件状语从句，即在某种条件下，一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情达成之后（状语从句中），一件事情（主句）才能发生，一般译作“倘若，只须，假如”等意思。条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即，主句是以后时态时，从句用一般目前年代替以后时态。
2、条件状语从句的引导词
1.If conj . 假如，倘若
If you ask him，he will help you．假如你请他帮忙，他会助你的。
If you fail in the exam，you will let him down．假如你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。
2.unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候 （if ...not...）
You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.
假如你不早点动身,你就不可以准时赶到那儿。
Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。
3.so/as long as conj.只须
You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.
只须你维持书的清洗，你就能把我的书借去。
三．关于条件句的时态，容易见到的有以下三种状况：
1、条件状语从句的主句是一般以后时，那样从句常常用一般目前时。
When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士，照顾患者。
2、假如主句是祈使句，那样从句一般要用一般目前时。
If you want to have a chat ,call me up.假如你想聊天，打我电话。
3、假如主句是含有情态动词时，依据需要从句多用一般目前时。
You should be quiet when you are in the reading room. 在阅览室时应维持安静。
四．常识拓展
1在以when，before，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句，也适用“主将从现”原则，即假如主句是一般以后时，从句则用一般目前时。
I'll tell her the good news when she comes back.当她回来的时候，我将把这个好消息告诉她。
she will give you a call as soon as she returns.她一回来就会给你电话。
2.If条件句的同义句：祈使句，and /or+以后时态的陈述句。
Work hard ,and you will make great progress.=If you work hard,you will make great progress.
假如你好好学习，你才会获得大的进步。
Hurry up, or you will be late.=If you don’t hurry up.you will be late.
假如你不快点，你就要迟到了。
动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较
1、作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其地方有以下两种：
把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
用it作形式主语，把真的的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客观状况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时等于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
⒉动名词作主语
Learning without practice is no good.
动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：
①It's +no good+doing…
It's no good reading in dim light.
It's no use sitting here waiting.
②It's＋形容词＋doing
It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
如此用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，等于"It's impossible to…"结构。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语有什么区别
①不定式作主语常常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作实行者联系在一块；而动名词作主语常常表示抽象动 作，常常不与特定的动作实行者联系在一块。如：
It's no good eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much fat.
②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.
2、作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这类词大多数可接th at引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③介词but,except,besides+to do
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficultydoing,have no troubledoing,lose no ti medoing,prevent/sTOP…doing,there is no usedoing等。
⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving. hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的将来事件，接动名词表示现在 正在进行的活动或普通的行为。
在下列状况下，一般要用不定式：
①hate,like,love前有would时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状况动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what
was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应依据句子语境选择用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示目前或将来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 计划做某事
doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 设法尽力做某事
doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④sTOP to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I sTOPped to buy a paper.
You'd better sTOP arguing and do as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住……
to do不可以帮助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不一样的事或不同内容的事
doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.
⑦leave off to do 离开某地去做什么（目的状语）
doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
3、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或以后动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是目前分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状况，目前分词具备形容词的各种特点，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态不同开 来。
4、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
表示以后的动作（例①）。
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。
不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。
⒉动名词作定语
①This passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.
③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为目前分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.
5、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除需要按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状况、特点，这个时候意思才相 对完整。
常需要不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find,feel,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see,understa nd等。
①We all believe Johnhonest.
②I consider himone of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时，to不可以省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish.
感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不可以省略，如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework
every day.
help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如：
Would you please help me fill in the taxform?
I've never known herbe late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.
部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.
常如此用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
6、不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.
有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so asnot toforget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不可以如此用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that I could see whatwould happen.
在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常如此用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中，too…to并不是是“太……而不可以……”之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太开心了。（too修饰glad to have…，相当 于very）
②We have too much to learn.大家要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
容易见到的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（第一），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。
7、动词不定式、动名词的其它使用方法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
常常在这种结构中用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态
时态
①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：
I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后）
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生）
②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
语态
假如动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of .但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now. There is nothing to be done now.
⒊动名词的时态、语态
时态
①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
Lmagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
被动语态
①假如动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有的动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中，为防止重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②—Would you like to come to a party?
—I'd love to.
③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try.
另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。
⒌在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：
Why spend such a lot of money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多用途相同的不定式并列用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如：
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.
⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：
devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），take to（养 成习惯，对……有兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。
形容词的使用方法
I.限定使用方法（定语）
a.形容词+名词
1. The old man lived in a small village.
2. His elder brother is a famous musician.
b.名词+形容词
1. I want to drink something cold.
2. Is there anything interesting in today’s paper?
3. I don’t like riding on trains full of people. ride on train搭乘火车
4. He tried to climb a fence two meters high.
5. He is a boy five years old. He is a five-year-old boy.
2. 叙述使用方法（表语）
a. 主词补语
1. Sea water tastes salty. 2. The rainbow is very beautiful.
b. 受词补语
1. You’ll find the book difficult.
2. I left the windows open. 使开着 I let the windows be opened. 使被打开
重点
a. 只可以用限定使用方法的形容词
only mere 只~ main wooden upper上面的 inner 里面的 Live/living daily
lone 孤单的,古语
1. This is a wooden house.
2. He is a mere child. 他不过是孩子
b. 只可以用叙述使用方法
alive alone afraid asleep awake well content glad aware
1. I’m afraid of dog. 2. The baby is still asleep. 3. Are you aware of your mistakes?
限定使用方法和叙述使用方法意思不一样的形容词
1. I met a certain lady. 某一个 It is quite certain. 确定
2. He is my present assistant. 现在 He is present today. 出席 absent缺席
3. The late Mr. Smith was an able man. 已经过世 He was late for the meeting. 迟到
4. She gave me a fond look. 温顺的 I am very fond of ice cream. 喜欢
3. 形容词的地方：
1) 形容词作定语一般前置，但在下列状况后置：
1 | 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 | nobody absent, everything possible |
2 | 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 | the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 | alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可将来置 | the only person awake |
4 | 和空间、时间、单位连用时 | a bridge 50 meters long |
5 | 成对的形容词可将来置 | a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 | 形容词短语一般后置 | a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词 | 数词 | 性状形容词 | ||||||||
冠词前的形容词 | 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 | 序数词 | 基数词 | 性质 状况 | 大小 长短 形状 | 新旧 温度 | 颜色 | 国籍 产地 | 材料 质地 | 名词 |
all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone | |
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1 | 形容词+名词+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名词+形容词 | world-famous |
2 | 形容词+形容词 | dark-blue | 7 | 名词+目前分词 | peace-loving |
3 | 形容词+目前分词 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名词+过去分词 | snow-covered |
4 | 副词+目前分词 | hard-working | 9 | 数词+名词+ed | three-egged |
5 | 副词+过去分词 | newly-built | 10 | 数词+名词 | twenty-year |
复合形容词有下列五类
1. 形容词-连缀动词的目前分词a good-looking man
形容词-及物动词的过去分词 a white-painted wall
2. 名词-目前分词 a peace-loving people
名词-过去分词 a hand-made cake
3. 副词-目前分词 a rapidly-moving tornado
副词-过去分词 a well-behaved boy
behave vt. [后接修饰词汇]使表现得，使举止…
例句: he behaves himself well.
4. 名词-名词ed a baby-faced girl
形容词-名词ed a open-minded leader
5. 数词-名词ed a two-headed monster a three-legged table a second-hand car.
three-minute first-class 先进的 three-year- old ten-meter-long
4.特别注意的形容词使用方法
a. 不可以以人为主词的形容词
dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, useful, useless, tough, convenient, important, necessary, regrettable遗憾的, natural, possible
貌似这类形容词都是人做某事才能体现
只可以用It be 形容词 for人 to V
1. It is necessary for you to see a doctor. 2. Is it possible for you to attend the meeting?
b. 以人为主词的形容词都是与情绪有关的形容词
angry, ashamed, delighted, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, proud, sorry, thankful
1.We were excited about the baseball game. The game was exciting for us.
c. The+形容词
1.The rich are not always happy.2. We search for the true, the good, and the beautiful.
d. 形容词的副词使用方法
1. It is burning hot. 天气热的厉害 2. It is freezing cold. 3. They were dead asleep. 睡得非常熟
5.数目形容词
a. many/much
1.do you have many books in your study? 2.They’ve spent much money on adverting.
否定句中的not many/much 可译成[不太多]
1.This garden doesn’t have many trees. 2.My son hasn’t made much money.
口语中,可用a lot of, lots of, plenty of+可数/不可数 代替many/much
1. There were a lot of/lots of/plenty of people in the shop.
2. She ate a lot of/lots of/plenty of ice cream.
A large number of=large numbers of number中文有[数数]的意思,故后接可数名词
A large amount of=large amount of amount指[量],故后接不可数名词
b. a few/few
a few=some few=not many 表否定,不可和not同时出现
1. There are a few vegetables in the refrigerator.
2. Few people were injured in the accident. 几乎没
c. a little/little
a little=some little=not much几乎没
1. I have a little money with me.
2. We need little butter to make this cake.
3. The little of his work that remains should be done within a today.
口语中,可用not many/hardly any代替few
可用not much/hardly any代替little
1. There were not many/hardly any people in the park.
2. There is not much/hardly any danger of an earthquake.
d. some/any
some的使用方法
1. 一定句 Some students take lessons in Spanish. 语言前用in
2. 表示邀请的疑问句 Won’t you have some more tea?
any的使用方法
1. 用于疑问句和否定句
--Do you have any question?
--Yes, I have some questions.
--No, I don’t have any questions.
2. 用于表示[任何~]之意的一定句 You may come any time.
3. 用于条件句 Ask him if you have any doubt.
II. Choose the best answer
26. Their idea sounds __________. Which of the following is correct for the underlined word in the sentence?
A) /Eri:t/ B) /Er$t/ C) /Ere0t/ D) /Er0t/
27. Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation from others?
A) My son has got a b__________d habit of smoking.
B) The old man always wears his blue h__________t.
C) He was standing by the g__________te waiting for her mother.
D) When she heard the news, she laughed h__________ppily.
28. Linda’s mother used to be ________ university teacher. She taught maths.
A) the B) a C) an D) /
29. ________ New Year’s Eve, we can watch fireworks and enjoy performances.
A) On B) In C) At D) With
30. You’ve got so ________ housework to do. Can I help you, mum?
A) many B) little C) few D) much
31. --- Would you like to have some tea or coffee?
--- ________. Thank you. I’ve just had enough tea.
A) Either B) Neither C) Some D) Both
32. Which is ________ to learn, singing or dancing, baby?
A) easy B) easiest C) easier D) the easier
33. When the astronauts came back from space, many reporters interviewed ________.
A) they B) them C) their D) themselves
34. Whenever I receive a letter or photos from my best friend, I always feel ________.
A) excitedly B) exciting C) excited D) excite
35. My boss had an importing meeting this morning, ________?
A) hadn’t he D) hasn’t he C) doesn’t he D) didn’t he
36. Mr. Wang is always the first one to be 
in the office ________ he lives far from his company.
A) although B) because C) when D) as
37. My teacher said to me with a smile, “Well, you ________ to worry about your lessons.”
A) needn’t B) don’t need C) not need D) need
38. It was very late, but the teachers were ________ working hard in the office.
A) almost B) already C) still D) ever
39. My little cousin enjoys ________ picture books before he goes to bed.
A) to read B) read C) reads D) reading
40. I was listening to pop songs while my parents ________ dinner yesterday.
A) were cooking B) cooked C) have cooked D) had cooked
41. Kitty ________ to Beijing and she won’t come back until next Monday.
A) has been B) had gone C) went D) has gone
42. My friend, Jack, will have a holiday as soon as he ________ his work next week.
A) finishes B) will finish C) finished D) finish
43. --- What did your daughter say in her letter?
--- She told me that she ________ Cambridge University already with her friends.
A) had visited B) have visited C) was visiting D) visited
44. --- Could you do me a favour with the case, young man?
--- __________
A) A good idea. B) With pleasure. C) You are right. D) Don’t worry.
45. --- Sorry, I’m late. There was something wrong with my bike.
--- ________
A) You’re so careless. B) Don’t be late. C) That’s right. D) That’s all right.
III. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used once
Maybe everyone has trouble in learning new words. It is not easy to remember and use them
__________. The following suggestions will help you a lot.
It can be a good idea to divide the new words into groups according to the meanings. Thinking about the connections between words may help you to remember them. The more you practice, the better you will use them. You can also write a list of some new words. Express your ideas with them and discuss the __________ of these words as much as possible. However, there is one more thing you should pay attention to. Don’t try to learn __________ many words at one time. Choose several important ones to you. Repeat their pronunciations, spellings as well as their meanings in your mind. Learn __________ every day and you will learn a lot in a few years. It is the skills that can make you learn new words easily. It is the skills that can help you know more words quickly.
A man was sitting in the doctor’s office. He was telling the doctor about his problem. “I like football, doctor,” he said. “Please help me. My life has __________ been a good one since I became interested in football and it is getting worse and worse. I can’t even sleep well at night. When I close my eyes, I feel as if I’m __________ there in the football field running after a flying ball. When I wake up, I’m more tired than I was when I went to bed. What am I going to do?
The doctor sat back and said, “First of all, you have to do your best not to dream about football. Before you are falling __________, try to think about something else. Try to think you are at a party and someone is going to give you several million dollars.”
“Oh!” the man shouted. “If so, I’ll be __________ excited and I can’t close my eyes even for a short time.”
IV. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms
54. One of my cousins works as a _______ in that company years ago.
55. A friend of _______ is going to visit us during the Spring Festival.
56. The _______ Olympic Games was held in 2012 in London.
57. It rained so _______ that we had to change the date of our outing.
58. My cousin said he was _______ enough to be chosen as an exchange student.
59. Several wonderful _______ were made at the national conference.
60. We _______ the question so excitedly that we couldn’t go to sleep last night.
61. Many _______ houses have been built for the tourists in this area recently.
V. Complete the following sentences as required
62. Mike lent his new bike to his friend yesterday.
Mike ________ ________ his new bike to his friend yesterday.
63. The flats in that housing estate are rather expensive.
________ ________ the flats in that housing estate are!
64. We usually hold our school sports meeting __________.
________ ________ you usually hold your school sports meeting?
65. I hope you’ll have a good time during your stay in Hainan Island, Tim.
I hope you’ll ________ ________ during your stay in Hainan Island, Tim.
66. How can I go to the nearest supermarket? Do you know?
Do you know how ________ ________ go to the nearest supermarket?
67. My father grows tomatoes in the field every year.
Tomatoes ________ ________ in the field every year.
68. traveling, my, likes, us, weekends, with, son, at.
____________________________________________________.
Part 2 Phonetics, Vocabulary and Grammar
II. 26. C 27. C 28. B 29. A 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 40. A 41. D 42. A 43. A 44. B 45. D
III. 46. D 47. B 48. E 49. C 50. C 51. A 52. D 53. B
IV. 54. manager 55. ours 56. thirtieth 57. heavily
58. lucky 59. speeches 60. discussed 61. wooden
V. 62. didn’t, lend 63. How, expensive 64. When, do 65. enjoy, yourself
66. I, can 67. are, grown 68. My son likes traveling with us at weekends.
